Grad studies IV: The PhD timeline

The New Year’s just round the corner. Less than a week remains for 2008 to draw to an end. Today is Christmas night and probably a good time for a little bit of rumination and planning. Long time back I thought I would put up a series of articles on grad studies. Well, this post will have part of that too. Let me put down my thoughts about the PhD timeline. We shall start right at the beginning of a PhD program (ruminations, eh!), and go all the way till end (now, that’s planning, since I am only mid-way through). 

Roughly, a PhD program can be broken into 6 stages. The first stage is when the starry eyed kid enters a new department and a lifestyle (well, not always a new department, but a new lifestyle nonetheless – you start footing your bills, or at least most of the bills – all the while saving cash for beer and such stuff while earning basically peanuts). Fortunately, this stage has something in common with undergrad programs – namely, coursework. (Aside: many universities, especially in some European countries don’t require the students to take courses. However, in a large number of them, the students are “advised” to audit relevant advanced courses). A large chunk of the first year of graduate studies is spent doing coursework. The remainder of the time is best utilized in looking around for interesting research groups and topics. It is a very good idea to attend as many seminars as possible (I would say it’s a cardinal sin to miss any seminar, especially if it is given by a department faculty in at least the first semester). In all probability, the student will hardly be able to comprehend everything being said in the seminar. If you get 25% of the stuff being talked about you are doing just great. Attending a variety of seminars right at the beginning will help gain perspective as well as to zone in on a particular research group(s). Of course if you are one of those lucky (?) chaps who join as a RA committed to a certain group, then you can jump into the second stage of PhD concurrently while doing your coursework. 

The second stage is that of literature review. This is where you really start sinking your teeth into research. Basically, you bring yourself up to speed with what has happened in your field and what is happening. Science, humanities, engineering etc are ancients. People have studied these subjects and their sub-specialization for ages. So how do you compress the knowledge of few decades into one short 4 month semester? Thankfully, you can turn to review journals. Yes, the best way to get started on a literature review is review journals. Talk to the senior grad students and your advisors and make a list of the top review journals in your field. If they can mention a paper relevant to your research, that’s even better. Search the review journals for your research area. When you read the review paper, be sure to follow up with the cross-references that seem interesting. Review papers could be 40-100 pages long. By the time you are done with the paper, and some of the cross-references, probably 3 weeks or so have already passed. But the important thing is that now you probably have a not-so-shaky base in your field. So start searching for research papers in your field.  For a more detailed approach towards literature review, check my previous post. It’s a good idea to meet up with your advisor at least once every two weeks or so. The professors can more often than not, provide you with valuable leads and keywords for literature search. 

The third stage is when you set up a research problem. This is a tricky one. We don’t want a “percentage” problem which is not glamorous or spectacular in the least, but then they are the ones that can be relied upon to get decent results. We would like to have a challenging problem, but then it might take us a whole lot longer than we had bargained for to get a PhD. So there’s a fine line to be walked. Personally, I tried to get around it by phrasing the problem in two levels. On one level, I will be tackling a “percentage” problem, which should give me enough fodder to publish 3-4 solid, if not spectacular, papers. On another level, by tweaking the percentage problem a little bit, I can actually end up with a very interesting and challenging Multiscale problem. So, I spend a part of my time tackling the problem that is likely to give me solid results, and screw around the rest of time on the tough stuff. Usually, most universities require a written thesis proposal. Writing a good proposal at this stage can turn out to be helpful since this forces you to get your thoughts in order. (I will probably have a post later on about research proposals too). Unfortunately, in many cases, since the student is actually hired for a specific project of a faculty member, he/she normally does not have to spend much time fixing a problem. IMHO, trying to hone in on a research problem is a valuable experience, one that every PhD student should go through. In case you are one of the lucky chaps who gets a degree of freedom to frame his/her own problem, then it’s a good idea to meet up with your advisors at least once a week, may be even twice. Utilize the experience of faculty members to bounce ideas off them. I was lucky enough to be given a lot of freedom in framing my problem. And meeting my guides about once/twice a week helped. I was having 10 new ideas a week, and was soon finding out that 11 of them were rotten after talking it through with them – until I was finally able to crystallize my thoughts to carve out a couple of research problems. (BTW, it helps to have advisors who are always willing to spare time for the student, especially at this stage). 

The fourth stage is when you finally start doing the “real deal”, i.e. start setting up the actual experiments or simulations. Now, this is perhaps the stage that is the most frustrating (damn! I am in this stage right now). This is when you make instrument set ups / write codes for the problem you try to simulate. Most of the time, you end up encountering some drawback or other. And unless the drawbacks are successfully countered, there is no question of proceeding further. Hopeless as the stage may be, this is probably the most important stage of PhD – this is where you burn your hands and learn the nitty gritties of research. Once again, meeting once a week formally (and may be once more informally) with advisors help. It is also of immense help if the students develop some good people skills and start getting along nicely with the technicians and junior scientists. These are the people who provide the max help in fixing the niggling problems/making samples etc. (I also find it soothing to have a few gallons of coffee close at hand ;)

Congratulations. Having made past the fourth stage, you reach the fifth stage. The experimental set up is ready. The code seems to work well. You have a clear cut problem and line of action. Go ahead, get results. Analyze them, and write them up. Soon, publications will start to flow in (For grad students in most fields, 3-4 papers in 18 months is good enough to be considered as “flowing in”). This is the stage where max results can be obtained with minimum effort. Naturally, now with everything falling in to place slowly, like a jigsaw puzzle, its time to start feeling more and more confidence. Visits to advisor’s office are likely to reduce in frequency. However, the meetings will probably be much more intense and fruitful. Time to start hunting jobs / post doc positions. Thank god that you made a list of stalwarts in your field. If it’s a post doc you want, you already know whom to sound out. 

The sixth and last stage is the thesis writing stage. Now, I have already written a master’s thesis although I am still years away from writing a PhD thesis. My experience is that initially, thesis writing is a pleasurable activity. However, as you progress through the chapters you might start feeling a bit irate. It helps if you have already written up papers, since in such cases, thesis writing is a lot more about re-organizing stuff already written up rather than type in everything from scratch. This is also a good time to tie up the loose ends that become apparent only after you try writing up your work as a entirety (rather than in form of piecemeal papers). Following up those loose ends as much as is practically feasible would definitely add to quality of the thesis. It might even add another paper to the publications kitty. Once the thesis is written, its time to submit and defend the thesis, and yes, finally, throw a nice party J. 

A realistic timeline for a 5 year PhD would be to spend the first year on coursework, deciding a broad research area and find an appropriate research group and advisor in the department. The first half of second year (i.e. 3rd semester) can be devoted for litertature review. The second half (i.e. 4th semester) can be spent preparing for the comprehensive exams and research proposal. In fact, often the 2^nd stage (literature review) and 3^rd stage (problem definition and research proposal) overlap. The next 15 months or so (i.e. 3^rd year and a part of 4^th year) would be taken up with getting the stuff right – i.e. making the experimental set ups/coding. The next 15 months (remaining part of 4^th year and half of 5^th year) would involve doing the actual experiments and analyzing results. The last 6 months can be spent in writing up the thesis, following up loose ends and job/post-doc hunting.

Now of course, PhDs may have different duration too. In the process, no doubts you will end up re-evaluating a lot of stuff ;).

Grad studies III: Doing a literature review

When starting on a PhD program, or when jumping into a new field, one of the first steps would be to do a literature search. In my opinion, the best way to do a literature review is to actually read a literature review. Simple, right? So, if you are a new grad student, seek out older grad students / faculty and talk to them. Make a list of review journals in your field. Then methodically comb them volume by volume. Get the most recent review article and read it carefully. Watch out for the cross-references, and track down the ones that you might think are interesting. A good review paper is 40-100 pages long. So, take your time to read it, and then again re-read it (along with the cross-referenced papers that seem interesting to you). By the time you are done, you probably have a fairly decent idea of your field; at least decent enough for you to take the next step, the next step being seeking and reading research articles in your field. 

Now, at this stage, take some time out to find out about bibliographic programs that are available to you. Archiving the papers you read right from the start will save you lots of time later on, especially when you write research papers of your own. Personally, I find Endnote quite useful. But then, it is not free software. If your research group or library has a license, well and good. Otherwise, look for alternatives. And if you don’t have access to bibliographic software, you can still use good old Microsoft tools. In absence of softwares, to create a simple bibliographic file, simply open a Word document and create 3 columns. Each row is one record. The first column is the paper title. The second one has the author name and the third one has the keywords. If you have this information down, you can easily search for what you want later on. 

Anyway, let’s move on to actually searching the papers. How do you search? Simple enough – use a search engine. For science and engineering, useful search engines are SciFinder scholar (this is not a freeware though), scirus, engineering village and google scholar. My favorites are the ScFinder scholar and scirus. In addition to using search engines, there is another method that I have found useful which is sort of the opposite of looking up references – i.e. look at citations. Use any good citation database (Web of Science works well for me, since that is what our university subscribes to. Scopus is good too). Once you find a paper of interest, look up the citation database to find out papers that have cited this paper you were interested in. Chances are, a fair amount of the papers citing the paper of your interest will also have information of interest to you. Apart from this, it is also useful to open a new email account and subscribe to email alerts from a number of top journals in your field. It takes less than 5 minutes to scan through the table of contents in the email alerts, and is a good way of staying updated. 

So much about searching papers. Once you have found a paper, how do you read it? While I said one should read the review paper (referred to above) very carefully, I think how one reads the subsequent papers is quite different. Don’t read the whole paper at first! No, your time is too precious. First read the title. If you find it interesting, proceed to the abstract, otherwise dump the paper. Still interested? Proceed to the conclusions. Still liking it? Good for you. Now, read through the paper starting at introduction, all the way through to the results and discussions segment. 

There, you have it. Few simple principles, but fairly effective.

At last!

At last, the D-day came and went by. Finally the PhD prelims are over. Luckily it went of pretty well, and so, now I am officially an A.B.D. student (All but dissertation). Going through the process made me realize how useful the prelims are for somebody like me. Apart from getting a couple of interesting suggestions from the committee members, this was an excuse for reviewing the basic materials science fundamentals once again (something, which I admit, I am a bit weak in).

Years of regimental studies in BTech and MTech and I drifted in a state where exam preps meant:
1. Analyzing the last 6 years question papers (by the time I was done with Tech degrees, it was down to 3 yrs)
2. Pinpointing the key areas and cover 70% of the class notes accordingly. No books allowed, at any stage
3. Invent mnemonics for stuff I found tough.
4. Set aside a time period @ 4 min per class note page (now, I was conscientious in taking notes and attending classes - so on an average, had 200 pages of notes, which translated to 140 pages of readable notes for semester exams. Preferably set aside a time that is around 10 hrs before the exam. I.e. exam at 8.30am implies, start studying at 10.30pm the previous night.
5. Write the exam and forget what I read.

Naturally, all these contributed to my weak fundamentals. Prelims was a different cup of tea. With all my labmates working in a totally different area from mine, I had almost no idea of what to expect. So, other than focusing on research, it was back to basics for me. I didnt read up as much as I wanted to, but even then, managed to cover basics of mechanical behavior, thermo and kinetics, some aspects of solidification, microscopy, x-ray diffraction, etc. Not the best I could have done, but a fairly decent prep by all means.

Well, the prelims went well and are now done and dusted with. Time to look ahead towards research, afresh.

Grad studies - II: Exploring academia as an undergrad

In my last post on grad studies, I made a list of topics that I thought were important from a prospective/current graduate student's point of view. This post follows up on that one with an essay on exploring the academic world while an undergrad.

Exploring the academic world as an undergrad is both useful and daunting. It is useful since it helps you make a very important career choice - whether to continue in academia or jump into the "real" world. Exploring the academic and research world as an undergrad can be a daunting prospect as well, because, often, you dont know where to start. So, how should you undertake this little exploration? Let me try to answer this in an anecdotal manner followed by a few general comments.

I was lucky in my "explorations". Fed up with text book metal extraction stuff, I had partly made up my mind by the end of 2nd year to opt out of metallurgy asap (i.e. immediately after BTech) and get a software job. However, as luck would have it, we went to IISc Bangalore on a study trip during the 3rd year of BTech. We went to meet our erstwhile college seniors, who were ME students at IISc. And in doing so, at some point of time during that trip I found myself standing in front of Prof. Ranganathan's lab. They had a wonderful poster outside the lab highlighting the work of Eric Lord and S. Ranganathan on geometry of quasicrystals. Ever since my school days, I had loved geometry and math. The reason I found metallurgy so stultifying in undergrad days was because it seemed bereft of mathematical beauty. That one poster gave me hope that there may be a lot more to metallurgy than I learnt from undergrad courses. Subsequently, I spent months searching up quasicrystals on the internet. I garnered some information, found some research papers, a short monograph, and just as importantly, made email contact with a number of scientists and professors working on this field who kindly directed me to a few valuable resources. I searched up people who worked on quasicrystals. I applied and got an internship in Prof Chattopadhyay's lab. Although I finally didnt work on quasicrystals and nor did i have much success on my internship project on solidification I gained valuable experience and insight to the research world.

I was lucky to come across the poster. Such luck is not uncommon, but it doesnt come the way of everyone. So what should you do if you didnt have "luck". Well, first of all, there should be a resolve not to trash your discipline unless you have given it a good shot - meaning, dont think of switching lanes too early. Secondly, think clearly about what you are passionate about (in my case, it was numbers, math and geometry). Then talk to professors to see whether you are able to tie up your passions in any research field (IMHO, you should be able to do this!! That's the beauty of research). I cant over-stress how important this step is. Thirdly, walk through the library. Look at books that professors havent ever suggested. Often such books turn out to be specialized books and may be a bit tough, but, they have the advantage of offering you a glimpse on how things may look at the research level. No professor at undergrad level asks you to browse through the "Physical Metallurgy Vol 1,2 &3" by Cahn and Haasen. But having done just that, I found an useful article by Walter Steurer on quasicrystals, which helped me fuel my interest on. Lastly, keep your eyes and ears open for research projects. Nothing matches gaining experience on the job. So, working on a research project part time in your college, or a summer internship in a research lab helps you no end.

To summarize:
1. Be positive and dont equate coursework with research; often research is infinitely more interesting than coursework. So, before giving up on higher studies/research, give it a honest shot.
2. Never give up on your passions; and, always look for research fields where the topics about you are passionate has a key role.
3. Write to people; whether grad students, or scientists or professors (in your university and elsewhere) with a short note on your area of interest, the sort of work you visualize that you would love and ask for guidance. However, do proper research on the net on whom to write to, and dont make your letters too generic.
4. Dont just live on the net. The college library (however big or small that may be) is a resource as fantastic as the net. Just browsing through the book shelves may be an immensely rewarding experience.
5. Look out for research openings for undergrads. Hands on experience in research at undergrad level is invaluable.

The changing face of cricket

Cricket. What connotations does this one word have for someone who has even a bit of idea about the game? Today, probably, the word will have different connotations for different people. But not too long ago, the one phrase that was synonymous with cricket was the "gentleman's game".

The game of cricket is centuries old. For sure, the game was being played on village greens as early as 16th centuries. The game was initially popular amongst the farming and the metal working community, and slowly evolved from there on. Like most sports, in the early days, cricket was a game played honestly by hardworking men almost as a social activity. The game those days was fueled on by their passion. In the early days, cricket teams flourished in the countryside under the patronage of the dukes and earls, in general the gentry. Blacksmiths and woodcutters, peasants and the occasional gentry would assemble together during a lunch break. Lunch breaks used to be more like net sessions with a bowler being allowed to bowl a certain number of overs and the batsmen being allowed to bat out a certain number of deliveries (irrespective of whether they got out or not).

International matches started much later in 1844 and slowly, the professional cricketer came into being - ones who played for money and prize and made a career out of the game. No longer was the game just a social occasion for the players (although till 1980s when there were limited number of matches, it still was a social occasion for the paying public). A match had to be won and the approach was to damn aesthetics and win the game. mostly, win it hard and fair. The early professional cricketer still had at their core some of the gentlemanly values - they wanted to win, but win fair and square and not "at all costs". Many of the professionals during this ear (late 19th century to mid 20th century) had regular day jobs - a famous example being Don Bradman. While they played for money, the money that they earned was not solely linked to cricket. Despite being professionals they could still afford to treat it not as a guerilla war but a battle of the more honorable kind.

With more and more international matches being played out between countries who were neighbors, or countries who were at loggerheads (India - Pakistan?), the games started getting a nationalistic tinge. Ian Chappell's growling Aussies surface in 1970s. Players, who purportedly played for national pride and so thought that winning the game was the be all and end all (so what, if later on many of them defected to Kerry Packer for money, pride be damned). They defended their actions under the thought "cricket is a game for grown up men. One should be able to take a bit of lip and stay focussed on the game, etc.". (aside: when did grown up men have to resort to childish snipes at each other and make petulant remarks?). But, at least, in the defense of Chappell's Aussies, despite the gladiatorial air with which they played the game, they still went out with their opponents after the match. Chappell's Aussies represented a transitional breed of cricketers.

The modern cricketer is a much meaner version of the Aussies. True, some of the comments exchanged on the field would leave you wondering whether or laugh or to fume, but an increasingly large number of comments were becoming personal, racial and abusive. Today, the cricketer's income is totally dependent on the game. They get sponsorships for their success on the field and equally importantly, for their eye catching ability and newsworthiness. In addition, advent of cricket leagues like ICL and IPL means large salaries directly from the game itself. The game of cricket is creating moneyed individuals. In itself, that is not bad. The professional cricketer reaches where he is by sheer dint of hard work and sacrifices from an early age. But, money after all is the root of all evils. With money comes an ego, the size of which in many (but thankfully not all) cases is directly proportional to the bank balances. In such an era, can someone afford to nurture the gentlemanly values at the cost of losing a match, losing publicity for himself and forgoing a few quick bucks? Slowly, more and more players are starting to answer this with a resounding "No".

Today, the modern pro plays the game in the gladiatorial ampitheater of Eden Gardens or Melbourne cricket ground with their teams having outlandish names like "Knight Riders" and "Daredevils". Money talks, as do abuses. Players cheat, because they believe they should "give no quarters because they ask for none".

Centuries ago, in the sepia tinted days, simple minded honest folks worked hard at the nets in bright sunshine in the village greens trying to perfect a straight drive or get their leg breaks to turn a mile. An era of camradeire abounded and cheating and abusing was not called for, nor tolerated. Just as the samurai perfected his breathing and the stroke of his sword with a sense of spirituality, the early practitioners of cricket tried to perfect their art not for fame or money, but for the sake of perfection. That, in essence, described the spirit of cricket. This is the spirit that is being abused by all and sundry related to the game. The spirit that has all but died out today.

Truth be said, cricket is a microcosm of the society we live in. Society has changed. So has the game.

Grad studies - I: incoherent ponderings

The jobless grad student inside me is surfacing yet again. This Friday night was spent in two parts. Admittedly though, both turned out to be fruitful.

The first part was a dinner organized by the Brazilian-Portuguese students association. The food was sumptuous, the cultural programs were nice too (maculele, a capoeira demonstration, and you guessed it, a samba band). Goes without a saying that chicks were hot too :) Hope I get to go to Brazil for a conference some day ;)

The second part was spent on making my website. Well, here's the crucial part. I put in a link to a "resources" page, with the noble intention of collecting lots of links on the web on various topics related to materials research as well as grad studies. Well, I am yet to put up links on materials research, but I did put in a few of my favorite links pertaining to grad studies. The page is by no means complete, but it is hopefully a decent start.

In my blog, I am hoping to put up a few short essays (all opinions my own only) on graduate studies. Obviously *few* essays will relate to *few* important aspects (or at least, what I consider important) of grad studies. This post though, is basically to list these aspects, lest I forget them later.

1. Why enter a grad program?
2. Exploring academia while an undergrad
3. Where to apply (choosing universities/ grad studies in India or abroad)
4. Standardized tests, SOPs, letters of recommendations, etc.
5. Choosing an adviser/PhD guide/major professor
6. The PhD timeline
7. Soft skills
8. How to go about the literature review
9. Framing a research problem and the preliminary research proposal
10. Writing the thesis
11. Life after PhD

11 topics! huh! hope I maintain the motivation to write stuff on all these.
By the way, some of the most interesting articles on grad studies can be found in Prof Abinandanan's blog under the label higher ed-advice.

... and the world matures, but what of its leaders?

It has been ages since I last wrote a blog. Truth be told, I am not an avid blogger at all. It takes some issues that are close to my heart before I can start typing.

Events of last couple of weeks have had issues galore. Issues from lands as diverse as America, South Africa, Australia and India. It is the issue of race and ethnicity. A issue that never goes away, but may seem latent at times.

First, let’s turn to the one speech that got me writing this – Barack Obama’s speech in Philadelphia. The speech came in the backdrop of intense media scrutiny of the speeches of his pastor Rev. Jeremiah Wright. A wiki search on Rev Wright seems to suggest that he has been a proponent of black separatism. And with Barack Obama having strong relations with Rev Wright, this was a ripe issue for the media, and, dare I say all the Obama critics. Surely, the critics might think, the election would witness him playing a race card.

And how did Obama respond? He didn’t dodge the issue of race, of racial discrimination. He didn’t disown Rev Wright. He simply stated a truism that hot heads and despots always forget – that in such sensitive issues, nothing can ever be gained by being exclusive; that even people with blatantly biased views deserve a hearing. Because these bias are not the bias of an individual. They simply represent the microcosm of the society we live in. For the society to be progressive and harmonious we need everyone to work towards common goals, which in a broad sense are goals of equality and equal opportunity in the true sense (emphasis – equal opportunity in the true sense and not race based opportunity).

Unfortunately, not every politician, not in USA, not in India, will go the Obama way. Some will incite the divisive nature of the race (read caste for the Indian scenario) issue in order to polarize votes; others will simply sweep them under the carpet and let it be fodder for idle speculations and lighthearted quips.

Let’s now move towards South Africa – a country that espoused apartheid in face of condemnation from rest of the world. But that is history. Today, South Africa is changing, and changing fast. Their policy makers are trying to provide more opportunities for the underprivileged (read colored) community. A system of reservations (similar to India, in case of jobs and education) is being implemented and this has made its way to the world of sports also. The South African cricket board has a “transformation policy” that has certain “targets” in way of number of colored players in a cricket team. A noble aim, considering how people of color had been treated in past. All was well until the team was selected for twin tours of Bangladesh and India. Rumblings started when the team was to tour Bangladesh was chosen. The volcano erupted when the South African squad for its tour of India was announced.

Andre Nel, the big fast furious, in-your-face snarling fast bowler, who is white, was dropped. Charl Langeveldt, the sharp medium pacer who had made a mark in one-dayers, but who seemed to lack the “zing” of a test match bowler was picked. Langeveldt is not white. Nel was disheartened. He reportedly started thinking of quitting. Langeveldt was traumatized as well. After 5 years in the international circuit, playing regularly in the one-day cricket team, having access to the best coaching facilities in the country, he had been labeled as a “quota” player – an underprivileged player. This was a clear implication that he wasn’t considered good enough on “merit” for a test match, but was condescendingly chosen. Charl Langeveldt subsequently withdrew from the squad stating he was too emotionally drained at being thus labeled (unfairly). A genuinely decent person like Langeveldt didn’t deserve such treatment. Nor did Nel.

Rather aptly, the South African journalist Neil Manthrop, in his column, commented:

“If 1000 South Africans entered a road race, it would be incumbent on the organisers to ensure that everybody had decent shoes, that everybody had access to water stations, physio points and everything else that goes with road running. And it would also be right to set aside the majority of the 1000 places for disadvantaged runners, most of whom would be black - say 700. But the one thing you can't do, if you want to preserve the race's integrity, is stipulate how many black runners must finish in the top ten. And in cricketing terms, the top 10 is the national team”

Unfortunately, there are very few good men left in political leadership positions. Most tend to be like the South African cricket bigwigs – people who try to pacify their supporters (or vote banks). The Barack Obamas of this world are the exceptions.

We need to understand that deprivation and discrimination are not the one and the same. Sure, in a number of cases they are strongly related, but they are not the same. Deprivation can be targeted using financial means. Money can be invested in the poorer schools. Investments can be made in prisons and efforts made to guide those who were sucked into a murky world through poverty. But the issue of discrimination is one that has to be sorted out in the mind. To end discrimination, the mindset has to change.

In Obama’s words:

“But I have asserted a firm conviction - a conviction rooted in my faith in God and my faith in the American people - that working together we can move beyond some of our old racial wounds, and that in fact we have no choice if we are to continue on the path of a more perfect union. For the African-American community, that path means embracing the burdens of our past without becoming victims of our past. It means continuing to insist on a full measure of justice in every aspect of American life. But it also means binding our particular grievances - for better health care, and better schools, and better jobs - to the larger aspirations of all Americans -- the white woman struggling to break the glass ceiling, the white man whose been laid off, the immigrant trying to feed his family. And it means taking full responsibility for own lives - by demanding more from our fathers, and spending more time with our children, and reading to them, and teaching them that while they may face challenges and discrimination in their own lives, they must never succumb to despair or cynicism; they must always believe that they can write their own destiny.”

As Charl Langeveldt showed, as the South African cricketers (led by Ashwell Prince – yes, he is black too, in case you wanted to know) showed by passing a resolution condemning quotas in sports, the world is maturing. The majority of us would accept that wrongs have been committed in history. We would also accept that two wrongs don’t make a right. We would re-affirm our dream, phrased so aptly by John Lennon in his song "Imagine':

"… Nothing to kill or die for …
Imagine, all the people
Living life in peace.
Imagine no possessions

I wonder if you can

No need for greed or hunger

A brotherhood of man

Imagine all the people

Sharing all the world

You may say that I'm a dreamer

But I'm not the only one

I hope someday you'll join us

And the world will live as one.”

I do believe that a large majority of us, the citizens of this world, are mature enough. But the question is, are our leaders mature enough? Have they managed to chuck away their vestiges of selfish goals of staying in power? Have they stopped deluding themselves that a world divided is the world best to rule.

Ironically, it seems, now most of the leaders have to be led.

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A footnote:

A March 2007 news article titled “Obama record may be a gold mine for critics” makes for interesting reading. The article starts off listing some of the “controversial” activities and voting tendencies of Barack Obama. But a careful reading shows that one fact repeatedly surfaced – no matter what Obama’s personal views be, he was always inclusive in his style of functioning – he always gave everyone a fair hearing. And this characteristic resonated again in his speech.

Personally, I give a thumbs up to Barack Obama – he spoke of issues openly and with finesse that should better be put under carpet by vote savvy politicians. If the world is to enter a golden era, then we need honest men at the helm. This is not to say that I give a thumbs down to the other candidates – I simply have no interest in American politics, but I do admire Obama’s strength of character.